GS2 IR Context: In late November 2024, Syria’s “Military Opposition Command” initiated a large-scale offensive against Assad’s forces, reigniting conflict in the region. Travel Advisory: India’s Ministry of External Affairs has cautioned against all non-essential travel to Syria due to heightened risks from the escalating violence. Background: The Syrian Civil …

GS3 Science and Technology Key Context: Astronomers from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have detected far ultraviolet (FUV) emissions from novae in the Andromeda Galaxy, marking a first in such observations. This achievement utilized data from AstroSat, India’s first space astronomy observatory, particularly its Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT). What …

GS 3 species Key Highlights: Oldest Wild Bird: Wisdom, a Laysan albatross, holds the record as the oldest known wild bird at 74 years old, having laid her 60th egg. Cultural Significance: Known as “Mōlī” in Hawaiian culture, these birds symbolize good luck and guidance. Biological Features Longevity: These birds …

GS2 governance Context: India faces significant unemployment challenges and a growing demand for industry-relevant skills. Innovative approaches like gamification and simulation-based training can bridge the skill gap and prepare the workforce for modern industry requirements. India’s Skilling Challenges Limited Reach of Skilling Programs: Only 21% of youth (15–29 years) received …

GS 3 Economy Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced an AI-powered solution, MuleHunter.AI, to address digital fraud involving mule bank accounts. Developed by the Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH) in Bengaluru, this AI/ML-based tool is designed to be more precise than traditional rule-based systems, which often generate …

GS2-polity Context: In November 2024, outgoing U.S. President Joe Biden issued an unconditional pardon for his son, covering federal offenses from 2014 to 2024, reigniting debates about the scope and use of presidential clemency. Presidential Pardons: Authorized under Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution, presidential pardons grant clemency …