GS2 POLITY: Overview: The Chhattisgarh High Court issued a ruling on marital rape that has ignited debate about legal protections under the Indian Penal Code (IPC). This case involved overturning a conviction related to the death of a wife, focusing on interpretations of consent and marital rights. Context: The ruling …

GS2 POLITY:  Overview: Scheduled for introduction in India’s Budget session from March 10, 2025, by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs. Aims to modernize and consolidate immigration laws by replacing four old laws from the early 20th century, enacted during unique historical periods like the World Wars. Objectives: Create a …

GS3 ENVIRONMENT: Key Points: Over the last decade, India’s vegetation has absorbed more carbon than it emits, with an annual absorption of 380-530 million tonnes. Carbon sequestration, the process of capturing atmospheric CO2 by plants, is vital for climate mitigation. Negative Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) signifies effective carbon storage. Challenges: …

GS3 ENVIRONMENT:  Recent Findings: A 3,000-year gap in coral growth in the Gulf of Eilat from 4,400 to 1,000 years ago, possibly due to sea-level drop from global cooling. This break in growth is mirrored in coral reefs in Mexico, Brazil, and Australia, indicating a global environmental event. Historical Growth …

GS1 CULTURE:  New regulations implemented by China’s State Administration for Religious Affairs in late 2024 aim to control Tibetan Buddhist practices. Effective from January 1, 2025, these rules integrate Tibetan Buddhism into Han Chinese culture, enforcing political loyalty in religious institutions. About Tibetan Buddhism: Spread to Tibet by the 9th …

GS2 GOVERNANCE:  Context: The Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY) was introduced in the Union Budget 2025 by the Finance Minister to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability. About PMDKY: What is PMDKY? A holistic agricultural development initiative aimed at improving farm productivity, promoting crop diversification, and strengthening irrigation and storage …

GS3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:  Context: Meta has launched Project Waterworth, a groundbreaking subsea internet cable initiative that will span 50,000 km, making it the world’s longest subsea cable system. About Project Waterworth: Objective: To enhance global internet infrastructure, improving connectivity across regions like the United States, India, Brazil, and South Africa. …

GS3 SCIENCE & TECH:  Context: Recently, researchers have detected High-energy cosmic neutrinos under Mediterranean Sea. What are Neutrinos? Neutrinos are tiny particles with no electric charge and very little mass. They are incredibly difficult to detect because they rarely interact with matter. Where Do They Come From? The Sun: Produced …

GS3 ENVIRONMENT:  Habitat Found in warm oceans around the world, including India’s coasts (Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat). Diet They eat crustaceans, jellyfish, mollusks, and hard-shelled animals like crabs. Nesting and Reproduction They nest on sandy beaches and return to the same place where they were born. A female …