GS 2- POLITY Context The Supreme Court has ruled that officers under the CGST and Customs Acts have powers similar to the police and must comply with procedural safeguards outlined in the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) to prevent arbitrary arrests. Comparison: Police vs. GST/Customs Officers Criteria Police Officers (CrPC …

PRELIMS BITS – MAPS Context Researchers have confirmed that a man’s brain underwent vitrification during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, making it the only recorded instance of human brain tissue transforming into glass. What is Vitrification? Vitrification refers to the process in which a material turns into …

PRELIMS BITS – HEALTH Context: Doctors suggest that Vitamin B12 strips are more effective than tablets due to direct absorption into the bloodstream. What is Vitamin B12? Also Known As: Cobalamin, due to the presence of cobalt. Nature: Water-soluble vitamin, part of the B-complex group. Storage in Body: Unlike most …

PRELIMS BITS – RIVER Context: Rising human-wildlife conflicts in Assam’s Majuli River Island have drawn attention to its ecological challenges. About Majuli: Geographical Significance: The world’s largest river island, formed by the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries. Administrative Status: Became India’s first island district in 2016. Demographics: Inhabited by indigenous …

PRELIMS BITS – SCHEMES Context: Two ropeway projects in Uttarakhand have received approval under the Parvatmala Pariyojana initiative. Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). The project is being executed by National Highways Logistics Management Limited (NHLML), a special-purpose vehicle of NHAI. Launch Year: Announced in the Union …

GS 1 – HISTORY Context: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact’s inability to secure a reduction in Bhagat Singh’s death sentence remains a significant point of criticism. Bhagat Singh’s Trial Lahore Conspiracy Case: Bhagat Singh, along with Shivram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar, was found guilty in the Lahore Conspiracy Case for the assassination …

PRELIMS BITS Context: The Rajgond tribe, a dominant group within the Gond community, recently made headlines. About the Gond Tribe Ethno-linguistic Identity: The Gonds are a tribal group belonging to the Dravidian ethno-linguistic category. Geographical Spread: They are primarily found in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Odisha, with smaller populations …

PRELIMS BITS Context: A rare Small Indian Civet was spotted near Tadepalli in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, a region where it is not commonly seen. About Civet Cats: Classification: Not true cats; belong to the family Viverridae, closely related to mongooses. Diversity: 15–20 species worldwide. Distribution: Found in Asia, Africa, …

GS 3 – ECONOMY Context: Punjab has successfully utilized its allocation under the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) scheme. Overview of the AIF Scheme Launch & Duration: Approved in 2020 as a Central Sector Scheme, running until FY2032. Objective: Provides medium to long-term financing for post-harvest management and community farming assets. …