GS-3: Environment and Climate Change Key Highlights Climate-driven food shortages and nutrient losses impact gut microbiota, increasing disease risks. Elevated CO₂ levels reduce micronutrients (e.g., phosphorus, zinc, iron) in crops like wheat and maize. Malnutrition and reduced microbial diversity are linked to diseases like eczema, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. …

GS-3: Indian Economy Key Highlights India-U.K. total trade reached $19.3 billion in 2024-25, a 60% increase from $12.2 billion in 2016-17. Exports grew 41% to $12 billion, while imports nearly doubled to $7.3 billion. Top export categories: Electrical machinery (15.3%), Nuclear reactors/boilers (11.6%), Mineral fuels (9.1%), Pearls/stones (7%), Pharma (5.4%). …

GS-2: International Relations Key Highlights India-U.S. energy collaboration now emphasizes critical minerals, nuclear energy, and clean technology. A 2024 MoU aims to diversify critical mineral supply chains and reduce reliance on China. India targets 20 GW of nuclear capacity by 2047, up from approximately 8 GW currently. The partnership focuses …

GS-2: Welfare Schemes Key Highlights India improved to 130th out of 193 countries in the 2025 Human Development Report, up from 133 in 2022. India’s HDI value increased to 0.685 in 2023 (from 0.676 in 2022), reflecting post-pandemic recovery. Life expectancy reached a record 72 years, and GNI per capita …

GS-2: International Relations Key Highlights Indian armed forces executed 24 precision strikes on terrorist training camps in Pakistan and PoK under Operation Sindoor. The operation targeted 9 sites and was completed in 25 minutes, ensuring no civilian casualties. The Defence Minister described the strikes as India’s rightful response to the …