Clean Plant Programme (CPP) Context (HT): The government has introduced the Clean Plant Programme (CPP) to promote disease-free, high-quality cultivation of grapes, oranges, and pomegranates. Key Details: Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (MoAFW) Implementing Agencies: National Horticulture Board (NHB) and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Launched Under: Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture …

Context:  Researchers at IIT Roorkee have made a breakthrough by detecting and analyzing proton emission from Astatine-188 (¹⁸⁸At), the heaviest known proton-emitting isotope to date. This discovery is significant as it represents the first instance of ground-state proton radioactivity being observed in such a massive isotope. Key Facts About Astatine …

Background The replacement of the Planning Commission with NITI Aayog in 2015 signified a major shift in governance—moving from a centralized planning model to a more cooperative and inclusive framework. Understanding Federalism Federalism refers to a governance structure where authority is distributed between a central government and regional entities. While …

Context:  Despite international pledges such as the Paris Agreement (2015) and COP26/27/28, India grapples with worsening carbon emissions, ecological destruction, and environmental instability. Key Environmental Challenges The UNEP identifies a Triple Planetary Crisis—three interlinked emergencies: Climate Change – Fueled by rising greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global warming, extreme weather, sea-level rise, and threats to food and …

Context:  The reservation policy under the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009, aimed at integrating children from disadvantaged backgrounds into mainstream schooling, has fallen short of its goal of creating an inclusive education system. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE), 2009, marked a significant milestone in …