GS3 – Science & Technology Context: With the intensifying global tech race, quantum technology is becoming central to digital, economic, and national security. India must go beyond investments to build strategic global partnerships and remain competitive. Importance of Quantum Technology Massive Market Potential: The global quantum tech market is expected …

GS2 – International Relations Context: In light of a global aid crunch and rising geopolitical challenges, India is turning to Global South partnerships and Triangular Cooperation (TrC) to reshape international development finance. Challenges in Development Financing Declining Official Aid: Global ODA is projected to fall sharply from $214 billion (2023) …

GS2 – International Relations Context: The Quad (India, Australia, Japan, US) has launched the Critical Minerals Initiative to enhance supply chain security and counter China’s influence. Objective To build economic security and resilience by securing access to critical minerals essential for: Renewable energy Electric vehicles (EVs) Advanced technologies Significance Counters …

GS2 – International Relations Context: Amid growing geopolitical flux and waning U.S. global leadership, India is reinforcing its multilateral engagement, especially through BRICS. Strategic Importance of BRICS Global Influence: Now a bloc of 11 nations, BRICS represents nearly half of the global population and 40% of the world’s GDP. Diversity …

GS1 – Geography Context: Recently, Taiwan’s Wandan mud volcano erupted. What are Mud Volcanoes? Mud volcanoes are geological formations caused by the eruption of mud, water, and gases—not lava or molten rock. Their eruptions are usually cool, in contrast to the high-temperature eruptions of magmatic volcanoes. They do not involve …

GS3 – Environment Context Sudden jellyfish blooms have been observed in Kerala’s Cochin backwaters, raising ecological and economic concerns. What is a Jellyfish Bloom? A dense aggregation of jellyfish triggered by environmental changes, typically during April–May and October–December across Indian coasts. Species Reported: Acromitus flagellatus, Blackfordia virginica, Pleurobrachia sp., Pelagia …

GS2 – Social Sector Context: India has 1.44 million zero-dose children, the second highest globally after Nigeria, as per The Lancet (2023), highlighting serious immunisation coverage gaps. As per WHO, zero-dose children are under one year of age who have received no routine vaccines. These children are vulnerable to diseases …

  GS2 – Governance Context The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) has released details of the 2025 awards scheme. Background: Introduced in 2006, with restructuring in 2014 and 2020. The scheme was further revamped in 2021 to promote innovation, best practice replication, and institutionalization. Aim & Objective: …