GS1 – Society Context The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2023–24 by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) reveals a notable decline in the disparity of calorie intake between India’s wealthiest and poorest households. This shift is attributed to reduced consumption among affluent groups and improved intake among …

GS2 – International Relations Context The recent 12-day war between Israel and Iran and the U.S. airstrikes on Iranian nuclear facilities, criticized as unilateral and illegal, have reignited debates about the imperialist nature of U.S. foreign policy. Contemporary U.S. Imperialism Decline of Hegemony: The “America First” policy under Trump symbolized …

GS1 – World History Context The United States of America marks its 249th Independence Day on July 4, 2025. Historical Background and Events Leading to Independence During the 1760s and 1770s, the thirteen American colonies increasingly opposed British control due to their lack of representation in the British Parliament and …

GS3 – Environment   Context The year 2025 marks the 50th anniversary of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which came into force in 1975 as the world’s first legally binding agreement aimed at regulating international wildlife trade. What is CITES? CITES …