GS2 – Social Sector Context: The Common University Entrance Test (CUET) has drawn criticism due to administrative delays, centralisation issues, and concerns over equity in education. About CUET: Introduced in 2022, conducted by NTA under NEP 2020. Mandatory for admissions in Central Universities. Covers 13 languages and 27 domain subjects. …

GS2 – Polity Context: The Supreme Court has raised alarm over the growing misuse of the right to freedom of speech, particularly on social media platforms. The bench highlighted that while free speech is a cornerstone of democracy, it is increasingly being used to foster social division and hatred online. …

GS2 – Governance Context: The Ministry of Commerce & Industry, via DPIIT, announced the second edition of ODOP Awards to promote Aatmanirbhar Bharat by recognising states, districts, and Indian Missions Abroad. ODOP 2024 Highlights: Mission Abroad Category: Gold: High Commission of India in Singapore Silver: Consulate General of India in …

GS3 – Science & Tech Context The Ministry of Home Affairs flagged that Indians are losing ₹1,000 crore per month to cyber frauds originating from Cambodia and nearby countries. Joint efforts between Indian and Southeast Asian authorities are now underway to tackle the issue. Findings from the I4C–MHA Report (2025) …

GS3 – Environment Context The Environment Ministry has exempted most coal-fired power plants from installing Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) systems—initially mandated in 2015 to reduce sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions. FGD Importance FGDs are critical for removing SO₂, a pollutant linked to acid rain and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), both hazardous …

GS3 – Infrastructure Context India’s Ministry of Railways announced that the E10 Shinkansen, the next generation of bullet trains, will be launched simultaneously in India and Japan. Overview of Bullet Trains Bullet trains are high-speed rail systems operating at speeds above 250 km/h, providing fast and efficient intercity travel. Japan’s Shinkansen, …

GS2 – International Relations Context The Indian External Affairs Minister’s recent high-level dialogue with China—the first since the Galwan clash—indicates a gradual movement towards a structured and calibrated normalisation of ties. This approach seeks to restart the long-stalled “Dragon-Elephant” engagement through measured diplomatic, military, and economic initiatives. Importance of Stability …

GS2 – International Relations Context: PM Modi’s visits to Ghana, Trinidad & Tobago, and Argentina enroute to the BRICS Summit reaffirmed India’s commitment to championing the Global South. Understanding the Global South: Comprises developing nations in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania, sharing a legacy of colonialism and common developmental …