Context:
India has strongly asserted its territorial sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh following the detention of an Indian citizen by Chinese authorities at Shanghai International Airport. The incident has triggered a diplomatic protest by India, reinforcing long-standing concerns over China’s refusal to recognise Indian citizenship of residents from Arunachal Pradesh.
Key Highlights:
Case Facts / Diplomatic Developments:
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Prema Wangjom Thongdok, an Indian citizen from Arunachal Pradesh, was detained on November 21, 2025, during transit at Shanghai International Airport.
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Chinese authorities reportedly refused to recognise her Indian passport.
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The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) took up the matter strongly with China, reiterating that Arunachal Pradesh is an integral and inalienable part of India.
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Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister Pema Khandu condemned the incident, calling it an act of humiliation and racial mockery, and urged central intervention.
China’s Position & Response:
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China claimed its actions were in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations.
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It rejected allegations of harassment and maintained its long-standing territorial stance.
Territorial & Geopolitical Context:
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China refers to Arunachal Pradesh as “Zangnan” or “South Tibet”, asserting a territorial claim that India categorically rejects.
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The incident occurred amid the revival of the Shanghai–Delhi air service by China Eastern Airlines on November 9, 2025, after a five-year gap, adding diplomatic sensitivity.
International Law & Travel Protocol Issues:
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The MEA stated that China’s action violated international civil aviation norms.
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It also contravened China’s own visa-free transit regulations, which apply to nationals of all countries, including India.
Relevant Prelims Points:
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Demarche: A formal diplomatic protest lodged by one State against another.
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Visa-free Transit: Facility allowing travellers to transit without a visa for a limited duration, subject to conditions.
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Territorial Integrity: Principle under international law affirming a State’s sovereignty over its territory.
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Arunachal Pradesh Dispute: Part of the broader India–China boundary question, especially along the McMahon Line.
Benefits, Challenges & Impact:
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Benefits (India’s stance): Reinforces sovereignty, protects citizens’ rights, asserts diplomatic resolve.
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Challenges: Recurrent diplomatic friction, impact on people-to-people ties, air connectivity concerns.
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Impact: Adds strain to already fragile India–China relations, especially amid border tensions.
Relevant Mains Points:
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International Relations:
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China’s tactics reflect political signalling through civilian domains.
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Raises concerns about selective application of international norms.
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Polity & Citizenship:
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Protection of Indian citizens abroad as a constitutional and diplomatic responsibility.
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Rules-Based Order:
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Importance of adhering to international aviation conventions and non-discriminatory practices.
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Way Forward:
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Continue robust diplomatic engagement and formal demarches.
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Raise the issue in bilateral mechanisms and relevant international forums if needed.
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Strengthen consular safeguards for Indian citizens transiting through sensitive regions.
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Maintain a firm stance on territorial integrity, while pursuing dialogue to manage tensions.
UPSC Relevance (GS-wise):
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GS 2: International Relations – India–China relations, territorial disputes, diplomatic norms
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GS Polity: Citizenship, sovereignty, protection of citizens abroad
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GS Prelims: Demarche, visa-free transit, territorial integrity