Context:
India has committed to ending child marriage by 2030 under the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While national data show a decline in prevalence, inter-State and socio-economic disparities remain significant, undermining progress.
Key Highlights:
- Trends and Data:
- Child marriage declined from 47.4% (2005–06) to 23.3% (2019–21) (NFHS).
- Highest prevalence among women (18–29 years): West Bengal, Bihar, Tripura.
- Close correlation with poverty and education levels.
- Socio-economic Linkages:
- 40% of girls from the poorest households married before 18.
- 48% of girls with no education married early, versus 4% with higher education.
- Legal and Policy Framework:
- Prevention of Child Marriage Act, 2006 – primary legislation.
- Low enforcement and poor conviction rates (NCRB data).
- Use of POCSO Act has created unintended consequences for consenting adolescents.
- Health and Social Impacts:
- Poor maternal and child health outcomes.
- Increased risk of unsafe abortions and unregistered medical practices.
- Reinforces gender inequality and intergenerational poverty.
- Government Initiatives:
- Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan – awareness-focused campaign.
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao – education and empowerment of girls.
Relevant Prelims Points:
- Issue: Child marriage as a barrier to SDGs.
- Causes:
- Poverty
- Low female education
- Gender norms
- Impact:
- Health risks
- Educational dropouts
- Economic vulnerability
Relevant Mains Points:
- Key Facts:
- Child marriage affects at least 9 of 17 SDGs (Girls Not Brides).
- Conceptual Linkages:
- Gender justice
- Human development
- Challenges:
- Regional disparities
- Weak law enforcement
- Way Forward:
- Strengthen education and school infrastructure
- Improve enforcement with sensitivity
- Community-based interventions
- Address poverty and gender inequality holistically
UPSC Relevance (GS-wise):
- GS I: Society – Women, children, social issues
- GS II: Governance – Social justice, welfare schemes
- GS III: Human development indicators