Context:
Scientists have developed a novel CRISPR-based technique that reactivates silenced genes by removing chemical tags instead of cutting DNA, offering safer prospects for gene therapy, including treatment of sickle cell disease.
Key Highlights:
- Scientific Innovation
- Traditional CRISPR edits genes by cutting DNA strands.
- New method removes methyl chemical tags that silence genes.
- Confirms methyl groups actively suppress gene expression.
- Medical Application
- Potential to reactivate foetal haemoglobin gene.
- Could provide safer therapy for sickle cell anaemia.
- Developed by researchers at University of New South Wales.
- Mechanism
- Targets epigenetic markers instead of altering genetic sequence.
- Reduces risks of unintended mutations.
- Significance
- Marks advancement in epigenetic editing.
- Enhances precision and safety in gene therapy.
Relevant Prelims Points:
- CRISPR-Cas9: Gene-editing tool allowing precise DNA modification.
- DNA: Genetic material containing hereditary information.
- Gene Silencing: Process preventing gene expression.
- Epigenetics: Study of changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequence.
- Methylation: Addition of methyl groups affecting gene activity.
- Sickle Cell Disease: Genetic blood disorder caused by mutation in haemoglobin gene.
Relevant Mains Points:
- Science & Technology (GS 3):
- Shift from gene editing to epigenetic modulation.
- Reduces off-target effects and ethical concerns.
- Health Sector Implications:
- Potential affordable and safer gene therapies.
- Applicability to cancers and genetic disorders.
- Ethical & Regulatory Dimensions:
- Need for robust biosafety guidelines.
- Debate over germline editing vs somatic therapy.
- Way Forward:
- Strengthen clinical trials framework.
- Ensure equitable access to gene therapies.
- International cooperation on genome-editing norms.
UPSC Relevance:
GS 3 – Biotechnology, Health Innovation
Prelims – CRISPR, Epigenetics, Gene Therapy