Context:
A ceasefire between Israel and Hamas, mediated by U.S. President Donald Trump with support from Egypt and Qatar, has led to declarations of a “new Middle East”. However, analysts argue that lasting peace in West Asia remains impossible without a just resolution of the Palestine question.
Key Highlights / Details
Ceasefire and Diplomatic Developments
- The ceasefire has resulted in exchange of hostages and prisoners between Israel and Hamas.
- A Sharm el-Sheikh summit brought together leaders from Egypt, Qatar, Türkiye and the U.S. to endorse a 20-point peace plan.
- The joint declaration emphasized:
- Upholding fundamental rights of both Palestinians and Israelis.
- Combating extremism and radicalization.
Gaps and Challenges in the Peace Plan
- The declaration is silent on key contentious issues:
- Disarmament of Hamas – central to the U.S. plan but remains unresolved.
- Israeli military presence in Gaza – no clarity on withdrawal plans.
- U.S. claim that Iran’s influence is neutralized is unrealistic:
- Hezbollah remains powerful in Lebanon.
- Houthis control key regions in Yemen.
- Iran still influences regional power equations.
Geopolitical Realities
- Arab nations are concerned by Israeli military actions, especially after bombing in Qatar.
- Abraham Accords expansion is uncertain as Arab states prioritize Palestinian statehood.
- Attempts by external powers to reshape the region ignore ground realities and historical grievances.
Path to Sustainable Peace
- Ceasefire must be made permanent.
- Political solution in Gaza – Hamas must relinquish power, and Israel must withdraw forces.
- Reconstruction efforts and restoring civilian life must begin urgently.
- Two-State Solution with Palestinian sovereignty remains essential for durable peace.
Relevant Prelims Points
- Abraham Accords (2020): Normalization agreements between Israel and UAE, Bahrain, Morocco.
- West Asia vs Middle East: In UPSC context, “West Asia” is preferred terminology.
- Two-State Solution: Supported by UN Resolution 181 (1947).
- Gaza Strip: Under Israeli blockade since 2007.
Relevant Mains Points
- Role of external powers (U.S.) in West Asian geopolitics.
- Rise of non-state actors (Hamas, Hezbollah, Houthis) influencing regional conflicts.
- Link between human security, sovereignty, and regional stability.
- Importance of addressing root causes over short-term ceasefires.