Context:
With the onset of winter, the National Capital Region (NCR) faces its annual air pollution crisis. Despite temporary measures like the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) and cracker bans during Diwali, experts argue these are reactive short-term measures and ineffective without sustained year-round policy action.
Key Highlights / Details
Rising Winter Pollution
- Winter brings temperature inversion and low wind speed, trapping pollutants.
- Sources: vehicular emissions, industrial smoke, biomass burning, waste burning, and Diwali crackers.
- NCR becomes a “toxic gas chamber” every year due to increased PM2.5 and PM10 levels.
Crackers Ban Controversy
- Delhi–NCR states banned firecrackers; the Supreme Court upheld restrictions.
- Only “green crackers” permitted during specific time slots.
- However, green crackers still emit high particulate matter and toxic gases, raising concerns.
Stubble Burning & Seasonal Factors
- Farm fires contribute 15–30% of Delhi’s winter pollution.
- Punjab & Haryana saw 84–95% of stubble burning incidents in Oct–Nov.
- Madhya Pradesh showed a decline.
- Low rainfall delayed paddy harvest, pushing burning closer to winter—worsening pollution.
Criticism of Current Policy
- SC termed current response as a “test case” for enforcing environmental regulations.
- Experts say emergency steps are too little, too late.
- Long-term strategy needed instead of seasonal firefighting.
Relevant Prelims Points
| Term | Explanation |
| AQI | Air Quality Index (0–500 scale; >400 = severe) |
| GRAP | Graded Response Action Plan for NCR pollution |
| PM2.5 | Fine particles harmful to lungs and bloodstream |
| Crop Residue Burning | Burning paddy straw post-harvest |
| Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) | Body managing NCR air quality |
Relevant Mains Points
- Governance failure: Weak implementation of emission rules.
- Health impact: Pollution linked to respiratory diseases, cancer, low birth weight.
- Economic cost: Air pollution costs India ~1.36% of GDP (World Bank).
- Agriculture-policy link: Lack of incentives for stubble management.
- Need for public transport reform + EV push + industrial compliance.