Rising Threat of GNSS Spoofing to Aviation Safety Near Delhi Airport

Context:

• In early November 2025, several aircraft operating in the airspace around Indira Gandhi International Airport reported incidents of GNSS spoofing, leading to navigation anomalies.

• Given the seriousness of the threat, the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS), headed by Ajit Doval, ordered a detailed inquiry.

Key Highlights:

What Happened Near Delhi

• Aircraft experienced:

  • Incorrect position readings

  • Sudden navigation errors

  • Increased cockpit workload

• Such incidents are unusual in inland metropolitan airspace, having earlier been confined mainly to conflict zones and border regions.

Immediate Regulatory Response

• The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) issued a stricter Standard Operating Protocol (SOP):

  • Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers must report GNSS interference within 10 minutes

  • Ensures faster situational awareness and response

• Aim: Aviation safety and real-time threat assessment

Why GNSS Spoofing Is Dangerous

• GNSS spoofing involves broadcasting fake satellite signals that overpower genuine ones.

• Effects on aircraft systems include:

  • Incorrect navigation and positioning

  • False terrain or obstacle warnings

  • Disruption of automatic braking and landing aids

  • Potential impact on communication and timing systems

• Modern aviation is heavily dependent on satellite-based navigation, making such interference a high-risk threat.

Widening Global Pattern

• According to the OPS Group:

  • Civil aviation GNSS spoofing incidents surged after September 2023

  • By August 2024, nearly 1,500 flights per day were being affected globally

• The spread into non-conflict urban airspace signals escalating sophistication and intent.

International Advisory & Solutions

• The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has proposed a multi-layered response, including:

  • Standardised global reporting protocols

  • Cross-border intelligence sharing

  • Stricter regulation of jamming and spoofing devices

  • Deployment of advanced detection and monitoring systems

  • Use of resilient GNSS receivers integrated with backup navigation systems

Internal Security & Governance Concerns

• The incident raises concerns about:

  • Hybrid and electronic warfare techniques

  • Protection of critical civil infrastructure

  • Coordination between aviation authorities, security agencies, and defence establishments

• Highlights the need for:

  • Continuous monitoring of civilian airspace

  • Clear accountability and rapid-response mechanisms

UPSC Relevance (GS-wise):

GS 3 – Internal Security

• Emerging non-traditional security threats

• Electronic and cyber interference with critical infrastructure

GS 3 – Science & Technology

• Satellite navigation systems

• Technological vulnerabilities in aviation

GS 2 – Governance

• Regulatory preparedness and crisis response

• Inter-agency coordination for public safety

Prelims Focus:

• GNSS vs GPS

• Role of DGCA and NSCS

• NOTAM and aviation safety procedures

Mains Enrichment:

• Examine how GNSS spoofing represents a new-age security challenge for civil aviation.

• Discuss measures needed to build technological resilience in India’s critical transport infrastructure.