Context:
Fresh armed clashes between Thailand and Cambodia erupted along their disputed border near the Preah Vihear region, reviving a long-standing territorial dispute rooted in colonial-era boundaries. The situation escalated in December 2024, leading to casualties, displacement of civilians, and regional diplomatic intervention.
Key Highlights:
Background of the Dispute
- The Thailand–Cambodia border dispute originates from colonial-era treaties (1904–1907) between France (Cambodia) and Siam (Thailand).
- Disagreement centres around the Preah Vihear temple area and surrounding territory in the Dângrêk mountain range.
- The International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 1962 awarded the temple to Cambodia, a decision reaffirmed in 2013, but border demarcation issues persist.
Recent Escalation (2024)
- In early December, Cambodia accused Thailand of military incursions, while Thailand alleged Cambodian landmines and troop movements.
- Armed exchanges involved artillery fire, rockets, and airstrikes, resulting in civilian casualties and displacement.
- Tensions peaked after Cambodia reportedly launched attacks on Thai military positions.
International Mediation
- The United States brokered a ceasefire, urging restraint and de-escalation.
- ASEAN’s role remained limited due to its non-interference principle, though diplomatic channels were activated.
Strategic & Regional Implications
- The conflict affects ASEAN unity, regional stability, and cross-border civilian security.
- Raises concerns over militarisation of unresolved borders in Southeast Asia.
UPSC Relevance (GS-wise):
- GS II: International relations, regional groupings (ASEAN), conflict resolution
- GS III: Internal and regional security
- GS IV: Ethics of nationalism, adherence to international law