PRELIMS BITS: POLITY The Department of Posts (DoP) introduced reforms with the Post Office Act, 2023, effective June 18, 2024, to modernize the Indian postal system. The Post Office Rules, 2024, and Post Office Regulations, 2024, implemented on December 16, 2024, further support these changes. Key Objectives and Features The …

PRELIMS BITS: SCIENCE & TECH MASLD (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease) is the reclassification of NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease), focusing on liver fat accumulation due to metabolic dysfunction, such as obesity and diabetes. It aims to reduce stigma by shifting the focus from alcohol-related causes. Risk Factors Belly fat …

PRELIMS BITS: BASIC SCIENCE Hydroponic farming is a soil-less method using nutrient-rich water to grow plants. In Tripura, it has shifted from small systems to larger setups (up to 560 sq meters) growing crops like lettuce, strawberries, and marigolds. It helps farmers overcome challenges from floods and adverse weather. Benefits …

PRELIMS BITS: MILITARY EXERCISE The SLINEX 24 naval exercise took place from December 17-20, 2024, in Visakhapatnam, involving the Indian and Sri Lankan navies. The exercise aimed to enhance cooperation, improve interoperability, and reinforce maritime security in the Indian Ocean. Phases Harbour Phase (Dec 17-18): Focused on professional exchanges and …

PRELIMS BITS: MILITARY EXERCISE A contingent of 334 Indian Army personnel is participating in the 18th Battalion-Level Joint Military Exercise, SURYA KIRAN, in Saljhandi, Nepal, from December 31, 2024, to January 13, 2025. This annual exercise alternates between India and Nepal. Key Details The Indian Army is led by the …

GS1 – SOCIETY Australia’s House of Representatives has passed the Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Bill, 2024, aiming to protect children under 16 from social media. If approved by the Senate, it will create a legal framework to prevent children from accessing social media platforms. Key Provisions The …

GS2- SOCIAL JUSTICE Why in News? A recent NSSO survey highlights significant caste-based inequalities in employment rates and wages within India’s IT sector. Key Findings on Social Disparities in the IT Sector The study draws on data from two NSSO surveys: NSS 78th round (2020-21) and NSS 68th round (2011-12). …

GS 3 – Science and technology  NASA’s Parker Solar Probe (PSP) recently made its closest approach to the Sun, breaking previous records. Overview: Purpose: PSP is designed to study the Sun’s atmosphere, focusing on understanding why the Sun’s outer atmosphere (corona) is significantly hotter than its surface and tracing the …

GS 3 – Environment – Species The recovering population of sea otters in California, especially in the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, has played a critical role in controlling the proliferation of invasive green crabs. Sea Otters: History: Heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for their dense …

GS1 – ANCIENT HISTORY During an ongoing excavation, a water storage area between mounds was discovered, with an estimated depth of 3.5 to 4 feet, highlighting the advanced water management techniques of the civilization. Additionally, a dried riverbed of the Chautang (or Drishavati) River was uncovered. Water Management Practices of …

GS3 – ECONOMICS The Indian rupee has experienced its sharpest depreciation in the past two years, with its exchange rate against the US dollar crossing the 85 mark. Exchange Rate: The exchange rate refers to the value of one currency relative to another, effectively representing the price of one currency …

GS3 – ECONOMICS  The PM CARES (Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund) received Rs 912 crore in 2022-23, according to the latest audited accounts. About PM CARES Fund: It is a public charitable trust registered under the Registration Act, 1908. The fund does not receive any …

GS3 – ECONOMICS  Treasury Bills (T-Bills) are short-term government securities issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on behalf of the Indian government. They are used as a tool for managing the country’s short-term liquidity and are typically issued at a discount, with the government repaying the face value …

GS3 – SCIENCE & TECH India’s space program, primarily spearheaded by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has been one of the most successful and cost-effective in the world. ISRO was established in 1969 and has since achieved several significant milestones, advancing India’s position as a leading player in space …

GS 2 – International Relation  India and Bangladesh share deep-rooted ties stemming from cultural, linguistic, and historical connections. These bonds were solidified during significant historical events such as the Partition of India in 1947, which caused widespread suffering and separation of families. India played a pivotal role in Bangladesh’s Liberation …