GS3 SCIENCE & TECH:  About K-Salts K-salts are potassium-based alternatives to regular table salt, replacing sodium chloride with potassium chloride. This switch reduces sodium intake while increasing potassium, which is crucial for heart health and helps lower blood pressure. WHO Guidelines on Sodium and Potassium Intake WHO recommends reducing sodium …

GS3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS India recently extended humanitarian assistance to the residents of the Kurdistan region in Iraq. This initiative reflects India’s commitment to supporting global peace and stability through aid to regions in crisis. About the Kurdistan Region Geographical Scope: Kurdistan is a mountainous region that spans parts of eastern …

GS3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UN Peacekeeping Overview Established in 1948 to maintain or restore international peace. Operates on principles of consent, impartiality, and limited force for self-defense. Involves about 100,000 personnel from 125 countries in active missions today. India’s Contributions Largest cumulative contributor, with over 253,000 troops deployed across 49 missions. …

PRELIMS BITS Date and Historical Context Martyrs’ Day is observed annually on January 30 to honour those who fought for India’s freedom. It marks the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948 by Nathuram Godse while Gandhi was on his way to a prayer meeting in Delhi. Significance The day commemorates …

GS2 POLITY Definition A party whip is an official in a political party responsible for enforcing party discipline. Whips ensure that members attend and vote according to the party line during crucial legislative sessions. Historical Context Originated from English hunting terminology and later formalized by Edmund Burke. Integral to India’s …

GS3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Overview The Africa Energy Summit was recently held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, where 12 African nations presented their National Energy Compacts. The event was part of “Mission 300,” an initiative by the World Bank and African Development Bank to electrify 300 million people in sub-Saharan Africa …

GS2 GOVERNANCE Objective of NCMM Primary Aim: To encourage Indian PSUs and private sector companies to acquire critical mineral assets abroad and promote trade with resource-rich countries. Expenditure: Rs. 16,300 crore with an expected investment of Rs. 18,000 crore by PSUs and other entities. Exploration: Focus on intensifying the exploration …

GS3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The revised administered ex-mill price of ethanol derived from C Heavy Molasses (CHM) for the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2024-25 (spanning November 2024 to October 2025) has been set at Rs. 57.97 per litre, up from Rs. 56.58. This adjustment is part of the Ethanol Blended Petrol …

GS1 SOCIETY Overview The ASER 2024, conducted by NGO Pratham, surveyed over 649,000 children across 605 rural districts, offering insights into rural education trends in India. Key Findings on Enrolment Government school enrolment declined to 66.8%, similar to 2018 levels, after peaking at 72.9% during COVID-19. Private school enrolment has …