GS 2 – INTERNATIONAL RELATION
Background
- Katchatheevu is a barren, uninhabited island in the Palk Strait, between Tamil Nadu (India) and Sri Lanka.
- In 1974, India formally recognised Sri Lanka’s sovereignty over the island, thereby giving up its territorial claim.
- The issue continues to trigger political and diplomatic tensions, particularly in Tamil Nadu.
Historical context
- The island was strategically important for fishing and access to sea routes.
- The International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) was demarcated in 1974 and 1976, dividing rights over the sea between the two nations.
- India’s assertion of control over Katchatheevu was given up in exchange for access to Sri Lanka’s maritime resources.
- Rival claims date back to the 1920s, during British rule.
Why it remains contentious
- Fishing rights remain the core issue:
➤ Tamil Nadu fishermen rely on rich fishing grounds near the island.
➤ Sri Lankan authorities frequently arrest and fine Indian fishermen for crossing into Sri Lankan waters. - Environmental concerns:
➤ Bottom-trawling by Indian fishermen has damaged marine ecosystems and affected livelihoods. - Political sensitivity:
➤ Regional parties in Tamil Nadu advocate revisiting the agreement.
➤ National parties prioritise diplomatic relations with Sri Lanka.
Key developments
- Recent visit by Sri Lankan President Anura Kumara Dissanayake to Katchatheevu in 2025 rekindled concerns in India.
- Tamil Nadu leaders criticised the visit and reiterated demands for protection of fishermen.
- The Supreme Court of India in the past questioned the constitutional validity of ceding territory without Parliament’s approval.
Perspectives from both sides
Sri Lanka
- Asserts that Katchatheevu is part of its territory and protects its maritime boundaries.
- Relies on revenue from fisheries, and opposes Indian fishing incursions.
India (especially Tamil Nadu)
- Local fishermen lose livelihoods due to arrests and seizures.
- Political parties demand a renegotiation or revival of fishing rights.
Key stakeholders
- Fishermen from Tamil Nadu: Their livelihood is severely impacted by arrests and restrictions.
- State governments (Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka’s Northern Province): Seek resolution through dialogue.
- Central governments of India and Sri Lanka: Balance diplomacy, security, and economic interests.
- Supreme Court of India: Involved in examining constitutional aspects of treaties.
Challenges
- Complex international law and boundary disputes.
- Environmental degradation due to unregulated fishing practices.
- Political pressures at state and national levels.
- Balancing strategic interests with humanitarian concerns.
Way forward
- Promote cooperative maritime management.
- Implement joint fishing agreements with sustainable practices.
- Strengthen regional dialogue mechanisms.
- Explore alternative livelihood programs for affected communities.
- Ensure constitutional adherence in international agreements.