Albinism

Prelims Bits

Context

International Albinism Awareness Day is commemorated on June 13 to raise awareness about the medical, societal, and legal issues faced by individuals living with albinism.

Understanding Albinism:

Albinism is a rare, inherited genetic disorder caused by mutations in genes responsible for melanin production. This results in little or no melanin pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.

• Genetic Basis: Caused by defective genes that impair melanin synthesis.
• Non-Infectious: It is a hereditary condition and does not spread from person to person.
• Vision Issues: People with albinism typically experience visual impairment from birth.
• Cancer Susceptibility: Due to the absence of melanin, there is a heightened risk of skin cancers such as squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.
• Chronic Nature: The condition lasts for life, though early intervention and proper care can help manage its effects.

Role of Melanin:

• Pigmentation: Determines the colour of the skin, hair, and eyes.
• UV Protection: Serves as a natural shield against ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
• Eye Function: Vital for the normal development of the retina and optic nerves.
• Skin Defense: Protects skin cells from DNA damage and reduces the likelihood of skin cancer.
• Thermoregulation: Plays a role in body temperature regulation, especially in high UV regions.

Prevalence:

• Worldwide Incidence: Affects approximately 1 in 20,000 to 40,000 individuals.
• In India: Estimated to affect about 1,00,000 people, yet there is no dedicated national policy or programme addressing albinism.
• Legal Status: Albinism is not specifically recognized under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act in India.