Bioplastic

PRELIMS Bits

• Bioplastics are plastics derived from renewable biological sources (like plants, starch, cellulose) instead of conventional petroleum-based plastics.
• Some bioplastics are biodegradable, while others are non-biodegradable but bio-based.

Types of Bioplastics

1. Starch-based Plastics
   • Made from corn, potato, or cassava starch.
   • Biodegradable and often used in packaging.
2. Polylactic Acid (PLA)
   • Derived from fermented plant sugars.
   • Used for bottles, food packaging, disposable cutlery.
3. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA/PHB)
   • Produced by bacterial fermentation of sugars or lipids.
   • Completely biodegradable.
4. Cellulose-based Plastics
   • Made from plant cellulose.
   • Often used in films, coatings, and textiles.

Advantages

• Environmentally Friendly: Reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
• Biodegradability: Some types decompose naturally, reducing plastic waste.
• Lower Carbon Footprint: Less greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional plastics.
• Renewable Source: Made from crops or waste biomass.

Limitations / Challenges

• Cost: More expensive than conventional plastics.
• Performance: Some bioplastics have lower durability and heat resistance.
• Industrial Composting Needed: Some types require special conditions to biodegrade.
• Competition with Food Crops: Uses agricultural resources that could be used for food.

Applications

• Packaging (bags, bottles, disposable cutlery)
• Agriculture (mulch films)
• Textiles and clothing
• Medical applications (sutures, implants)

Government Initiatives (India)

• Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016: Encourages biodegradable plastics.
• FSSAI and BIS standards for compostable plastics.
• Promotion under Make in India and Bioeconomy Mission.