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GS2 POLITY:  Overview: Scheduled for introduction in India’s Budget session from March 10, 2025, by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs. Aims to modernize and consolidate immigration laws by replacing four old laws from the early 20th century, enacted during unique historical periods like the World Wars. Objectives: Create a …

GS1 CULTURE:  New regulations implemented by China’s State Administration for Religious Affairs in late 2024 aim to control Tibetan Buddhist practices. Effective from January 1, 2025, these rules integrate Tibetan Buddhism into Han Chinese culture, enforcing political loyalty in religious institutions. About Tibetan Buddhism: Spread to Tibet by the 9th …

GS 1 – Ancient India Context: The report Antiquity of Iron: Recent Radiometric Dates from Tamil Nadu states that iron usage in Tamil Nadu dates back to the first quarter of the 4th millennium BCE, marking the beginning of the Iron Age in the region. About Tamil Civilization: What is …

GS 1 – ART AND CULTURE The Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0, a cultural initiative fostering ties between Tamil Nadu and Kashi, commenced on February 15, 2025, with a special train flagged off from Chennai. Coinciding with the Maha Kumbh Mela, this event celebrates the legacy of Sage Agasthyar and is …

GS 1- HISTORY Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President Emmanuel Macron recently visited the Mazargues War Cemetery in Marseille to honor 900 Indian soldiers who served in World War I. This visit highlights India’s often-overlooked contributions to both World Wars. About Mazargues War Cemetery Established to honor soldiers from …

GS1 – HISTORY Early Life and Background Guru Ravidas (1377–1527 C.E.) was a revered saint and spiritual leader whose contributions significantly influenced the Bhakti Movement. Also known by names such as Raidas, Rohidas, and Ruhidas, he was born in Seer Govardhanpur, a small village in present-day Uttar Pradesh. His birthplace, …

GS1-GEOGRAPHY Context: Security experts have raised alarms about the heightened risk of an oil spill in the Baltic Sea due to Russia’s use of an aging and poorly maintained “shadow fleet” of oil tankers, which operate without Western insurance coverage. Geographical Significance of the Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is …

GS1 ART & CULTURE:  Recent Incident: In February 2025, the Pune rural police presented a report to the NCST regarding Bhil families’ complaint against Vasantdada Sugar Institute (VSI) for alleged attempts to displace them from a 200-acre land leased by the Maharashtra government. VSI’s Director General denied these claims. Court …

GS1: History Context – The Indian Army’s Eastern Command Headquarters in Kolkata, formerly known as Fort William, has been renamed Vijay Durg as part of ongoing efforts to remove colonial-era influences from the military. Historical Background Construction and Naming: Built by the British in 1781, the fort was named after …

GS1: Geography Context – In February 2025, the Arctic witnessed an unprecedented temperature rise, exceeding the average by more than 20°C. This extreme warming event has raised serious concerns about its consequences for global climate stability. Rapid Arctic Warming Unprecedented Temperature Surge: The North Pole recorded a temperature spike of …

GS Paper I History Adi Shankaracharya was a great Indian philosopher, theologian, and spiritual reformer who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta. He played a crucial role in reviving Hinduism during a time when Buddhism and Jainism were dominant in India. Key Contributions of Adi Shankaracharya Doctrine of Advaita Vedanta …

GS1: Geography The United Nations has declared 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation to highlight the importance of glaciers and the need for climate action. Glaciers hold 70% of the world’s freshwater, and their rapid melting threatens water supplies, raises sea levels, and risks coastal areas. What Are …

GS1 SOCIETY Overview The ASER 2024, conducted by NGO Pratham, surveyed over 649,000 children across 605 rural districts, offering insights into rural education trends in India. Key Findings on Enrolment Government school enrolment declined to 66.8%, similar to 2018 levels, after peaking at 72.9% during COVID-19. Private school enrolment has …

GS 1 – HISTORY Origin: Etikoppaka village, Andhra Pradesh Significance: Showcased during the 76th Republic Day parade Historical Background The craft dates back over 400 years, with roots linked to ancient civilizations, including the Indus Valley. Passed down through generations, it embodies the cultural legacy of Andhra Pradesh. Artisans have …

GS 1 – Geography Storm Eowyn, a powerful bomb cyclone, has caused severe destruction across the British Isles, particularly affecting Ireland and Scotland. What is Storm Eowyn? Definition: A rapidly intensifying storm that experienced an extreme air pressure drop of 50 millibars within 24 hours, surpassing the threshold for “explosive …

 GS 1 – GEOGRAPHY Time Zone: IST (UTC+05:30) was adopted in 1906 and standardized post-independence at 82°30’E near Mirzapur. Key Provisions: Exclusive Use of IST: Mandates IST for all official and commercial activities. Time-Synchronisation Systems: Establish mechanisms to ensure precise and secure timekeeping. Importance of Standard Timekeeping: Sectors Benefited: Banking, …

GS1 – SOCIETY The Koraga tribe, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG), is witnessing a population decline from 20,000 two decades ago to approximately 16,000 today, with projections indicating further drops to around 12,000. Challenges Faced Health and Demographics: Falling birth rates and high infant mortality. Widespread malnutrition and limited …

GS1 SOCIETY Recent archaeological studies in Tamil Nadu have pushed the timeline of iron technology back to the early 4th millennium BCE, significantly earlier than the previously accepted period of 1500-2000 BCE. Key Findings: Over 85 iron objects, including tools and weapons, were found, indicating advanced metallurgical techniques. Sites like …

GS 1 – HISTORY Context: The ASI has resumed excavations at Ratnagiri, an important Buddhist center from Emperor Ashoka’s reign, crucial in spreading Buddhism. Key Discoveries: Colossal Buddha sculptures and a monolithic elephant statue. Votive stupas, inscribed stones, pottery, and brick wall remnants from a Buddhist monastery. Artifacts revealing trade …

GS1 INDIAN HERITAGE The National Tribal Health Conclave 2025, organized under the Dharti Aaba Janjati Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW), aims to address the unique health challenges faced by tribal communities. Key healthcare issues for tribes …