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GS III-Defence Context: India has recently participated in multiple bilateral military exercises, aimed at enhancing defense cooperation, operational readiness, and regional security. Key Military Exercises: Exercise Bongosagar 2025 Participating Nations: India and Bangladesh Location: Bay of Bengal Objective: Strengthening maritime security, improving tactical coordination, and enhancing joint operational planning between …

GS II-Health Context: Tanzania has officially declared the conclusion of its second outbreak of Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) after completing 42 days without reporting new cases, marking a significant achievement in controlling the deadly infection. Understanding Marburg Virus Disease (MVD): First Identified: 1967, in Marburg, Germany, when laboratory workers were …

GS 1-Geography Context: Scientists at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have detected a flareless coronal mass ejection (CME) using the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) onboard Aditya-L1, India’s first dedicated solar observation mission. Aditya-L1 Mission Overview: Launch Date: September 2, 2023 Developed By: ISRO, with contributions from Indian research …

GS II- Schemes Context: A recent Parliamentary Standing Committee has suggested making the Aadhaar-Based Payment System (ABPS) optional for MGNREGA workers. This comes in response to exclusion errors and delays in wage payments caused by Aadhaar-related discrepancies. Key Findings of the House Panel: Challenges with ABPS: Many eligible workers faced …

GS II-Governance Context: India is facing an escalating water crisis due to rising temperatures, with 2024 recorded as the hottest year since 1901. The intensifying heatwaves have further widened the water availability gap, leading to severe resource stress. Understanding the Water Gap: The water gap signifies the imbalance between the …

GS Paper 3-Agriculture   Context: The term ‘Green Revolution’, introduced 57 years ago, marked a transformative phase in global agriculture, leading to India’s self-sufficiency in food production. Understanding the Green Revolution: The Green Revolution refers to a scientific and policy-driven initiative launched in the 1960s to enhance agricultural productivity using …

GS 3 – ECONOMY Context The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is exploring amendments to short-selling regulations to broaden market access, ease disclosure requirements, and refine penalty structures. Historical Background 2001: SEBI imposed a ban on short selling. 2007: Institutional investors were granted permission to engage in short …

GS 3 – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Background The recent shift in the United States’ approach to cryptocurrency has prompted India to reconsider its own regulatory framework. US Policy Shift on Crypto 2019: Former President Donald Trump expressed doubts about cryptocurrencies, arguing that Bitcoin and similar digital assets were highly volatile …

GS 2 – POLITY Context The government has introduced the Immigration and Foreigners Bill 2025 in the Lok Sabha to enhance and modernize immigration regulations. Rationale Behind the Bill Legal Streamlining: The bill seeks to eliminate redundancy by repealing four existing laws, ensuring a more coherent legal framework. Impact on …

GS 3 – ECONOMY Background The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Financial Stability Report 2024 highlights a surge in household debt, with a shift toward more creditworthy borrowers. However, the growing trend of consumer loans raises concerns about broader macroeconomic stability. Household Debt Trends Debt-to-GDP Ratio: Increased from 36.6% in …

GS 3 – ENVIRONMENT Background India experienced its hottest February in 124 years in 2025, with severe heatwaves in March posing a significant threat to wheat production, crop quality, and food security. Wheat in India: Key Insights Significance: Wheat is the second most essential staple food in India, widely consumed …

GS2 INTERNATIONAL RELATION Background Lithuania’s Independence: Lithuania became the first nation to break away from the Soviet Union in 1991, marking the beginning of the U.S.S.R.’s disintegration. Lithuania Geographical Location: Situated in the Baltic region of Europe, Lithuania shares its borders with Latvia, Belarus, Poland, and the Baltic Sea. Baltic …

GS II- International Relations Context: Armenia and Azerbaijan have agreed to a peace treaty after nearly four decades of conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. This marks a historic resolution in the South Caucasus region. About Nagorno-Karabakh Location: A mountainous, landlocked region in the Caucasus, situated between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. …

GS II-International Relations Context: India has suggested establishing a South-East Asia surveillance network to strengthen multi-source collaborative surveillance for improving responses to pandemics and health emergencies. The proposal will be presented to the 11 member nations of the WHO South-East Asia Region (SEARO) later this year for discussion and potential …

GS III-Infrastructure Overview The Indian Railways has been incorporated into the Mission Amrit Sarovar initiative to support water conservation efforts by developing and restoring ponds and water bodies nationwide. Railways’ Contribution to Water Conservation Activities Undertaken: Desilting, excavating, and constructing water bodies near railway tracks. Coordination with district authorities and …

GS II-Schemes The Ministry of Education has introduced PM-YUVA 3.0 (Young, Upcoming, and Versatile Authors), a scheme aimed at nurturing young writers under the age of 30. This initiative seeks to encourage reading, writing, and literary culture while also promoting Indian literature on a global scale. Key Features Objective: To …

GS III- Infrastructure Overview As the construction industry seeks low-carbon building materials to combat climate change, mycelium bricks have emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional bricks. What are Mycelium Bricks? Composition: These bricks are made from a combination of fungal spores, husk, and sawdust, resulting in a …

GS II- Governance Overview The Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR) ID was introduced under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, aiming to standardize student records across the country. While designed to enhance educational transitions, concerns regarding implementation and data privacy have led to significant debates among activists. Key Features …

GS III-Environment Why in the News? The World Air Quality Report 2024, published by the Swiss organization IQAir, ranked India as the 5th most polluted country globally. This marks an improvement from its 3rd place ranking in 2023. Key Findings of the Report India’s Air Pollution Status Country Ranking: India …

GS III-Energy Context: Scientists in northeastern France have discovered a large natural hydrogen deposit, marking one of the most significant reserves of white hydrogen ever found. (Source: TNN) What is White Hydrogen? Also known as natural hydrogen, gold hydrogen, or geologic hydrogen, it is naturally occurring molecular hydrogen found within …