ENCEPHALITIS AS A PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN

PRELIMS BITS: 

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified encephalitis as a major public health issue, citing rising cases and under-reporting in India. Experts urge a national strategy to combat the disease effectively.

What is Encephalitis?

• Brain inflammation caused by viral infections, bacteria, or autoimmune responses.
• The most common viral cause in India is Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), transmitted by mosquitoes.
• High incidence in Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar (NCVBDC report).

Recent Outbreaks in India

• Chandipura Virus (CHPV) outbreak in 2024 led to 245 cases of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES).
• Primarily affected children under 15, with symptoms like fever and convulsions.

Challenges in Reporting and Diagnosis

• Lack of unified reporting results in under-counting of cases.
• Surveillance is sporadic, only active during outbreaks.
• Limited access to rapid diagnostic tools in rural areas hampers timely treatment.

Need for Training and Awareness

• Early detection by frontline health workers is crucial.
• Recognizing symptoms like sensitivity to light, persistent headaches, and behavioral changes can improve response times.
• Public education on prevention is essential.

Prevention Strategies

• India lacks a dedicated encephalitis control programme.
• Existing JEV vaccination programmes need expansion.
• Preventive measures:
  • Mosquito control and waste management.
  • Avoiding stagnant water during monsoons.

Call for a Dedicated Programme

• Experts recommend a national encephalitis prevention plan similar to tuberculosis control efforts.
• Goals:
  • Improve vaccination coverage.
  • Enhance surveillance and streamline diagnosis.
  • Reduce disease burden and improve public health outcomes.