Enteromix mRNA Cancer Vaccine

GS 3 – Science & Technology

Context

• Russian scientists have reported Enteromix, an mRNA-based cancer vaccine, showing 100% efficacy in initial trials.

Key Features of Enteromix

• mRNA Platform: Uses modified messenger RNA to instruct human cells to generate tumour-specific antigens.
• Viral Support: Employs four non-pathogenic viruses that help in destroying malignant cells and boosting immune activity.
• Personalisation: Based on genetic analysis of tumours, enabling patient-specific vaccines.
• Cancer Focus: Initially developed for colorectal cancer, the third most common malignancy worldwide.
• Therapeutic Edge: Allows safe, repeatable administration and precision-based tumour targeting.

Challenges & Evidence Gaps

• Limited trial sample size.
• Absence of peer-reviewed data.
• Unverified large-scale efficacy.

About mRNA

• Definition: Single-stranded RNA carrying genetic codes, read by ribosomes to produce proteins.

About mRNA Vaccines

• Mechanism: Deliver synthetic mRNA to cells → cells produce antigens → immune system is trained.
• Objective: Trigger immunity without exposure to live pathogens.
• Advantages:
  • Rapid design & scalable production.
  • High precision with antigen-specific targeting.
• Limitations:
  • Requires cold-chain storage.
  • Uncertain durability of immune protection.
  • Long-term safety data remains incomplete.

How mRNA Vaccines Work

1. Delivery: Lipid nanoparticles transport synthetic mRNA into host cells.
2. Expression: Ribosomes translate mRNA, producing antigen proteins.
3. Activation: Antigens appear on cell surfaces → stimulate antibodies & T-cell response → targeted destruction.
4. Memory: Activated lymphocytes form memory cells, enabling quicker response to future threats.