HIV Detection Advancements and the GQ-RCP Platform

Why in News?

Researchers at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) have developed an advanced diagnostic platform called GQ Topology-Targeted Reliable Conformational Polymorphism (GQ-RCP) for early and accurate detection of HIV. This innovation builds on technology used for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, reflecting India’s growing research capabilities.

Key Features of the GQ-RCP Platform

1. G-Quadruplex (GQ) Structure
   • The GQ is a unique four-stranded DNA conformation essential in gene regulation and genome stability.
   • This property is leveraged to specifically detect HIV-derived DNA structures.
2. High Specificity and Accuracy
   • The GQ-RCP platform enhances diagnostic reliability by reducing false positives, a common issue with traditional detection methods.
   • It uses a fluorometric test for targeted and precise detection.
3. Detection Mechanism
   • The process involves reverse transcription and amplification of a genomic segment.
   • The amplified DNA transitions into the GQ conformation under controlled pH conditions, allowing accurate identification.
4. Early Detection Capability
   • The platform’s sensitivity ensures earlier HIV detection compared to conventional methods, potentially improving treatment outcomes.

HIV: An Overview

What is HIV?

• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attacks the immune system, primarily targeting CD4 cells (a type of white blood cell).
• Without treatment, it progresses to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a severe condition marked by opportunistic infections and cancers.

Transmission

HIV spreads through bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.

Current Treatment

• Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): Manages HIV by suppressing viral replication, enabling the immune system to recover. However, there is no cure for HIV.

HIV in India: Current Status

Prevalence

• As per NACO (2021), around 2.4 million people in India live with HIV, with a prevalence rate of 0.22% among adults.
• HIV prevalence is concentrated in high-risk groups like injecting drug users (5.91%) and female sex workers (2.61%).

Geographic and Demographic Trends

• High-Prevalence States: Northeast states (e.g., Mizoram 2.70%) and southern states (e.g., Andhra Pradesh 0.67%).
• Women and Children: Women constitute 39% of HIV cases, and children under 15 account for 3.5% of infections.

Government Initiatives on HIV

1. National AIDS Control Program (NACP)
   • Phases:
     • Phase I (1992-1999): Awareness and surveillance.
     • Phase II (1999-2006): Expanded targeted interventions and NGO involvement.
     • Phase III (2007-2012): Scaled up interventions and partnered with civil society organizations.
     • Phase IV (2012-2021): Integrated HIV services into public health systems.
     • Phase V (2021-2026): Targets an 80% reduction in new infections and AIDS-related deaths by 2025-26 (compared to 2010 levels).
2. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Act (2017)
   • Protects the rights of people living with HIV, ensuring access to treatment and freedom from discrimination.
3. International Partnerships
   • Collaborates with organizations like UNAIDS, WHO, and private entities (e.g., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation) for technical and financial support.

Significance of Advancements like GQ-RCP

1. Early Diagnosis
   • Improved early detection enables timely ART initiation, preventing disease progression and transmission.
2. Enhanced Healthcare Accessibility
   • The innovation aligns with India’s public health goals, making diagnostics more affordable and accurate.
3. Global Contributions
   • Strengthens India’s position as a leader in innovative medical research and diagnostics technology.

Way Forward

• Adoption of GQ-RCP Technology: Integration into national HIV testing programs to improve diagnostic outcomes.
• Increased Awareness: Campaigns to encourage early testing and reduce stigma around HIV.
• Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure: Enhanced ART facilities and comprehensive care for people living with HIV.

India’s efforts in combating HIV/AIDS, complemented by advancements like the GQ-RCP platform, signify progress toward achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal of ending the AIDS epidemic.