GS 2 – International Relations
Context
- India is exploring rare earth mineral supplies from Myanmar’s Kachin Independence Army (KIA) to diversify sources and reduce reliance on China.
- The KIA, a powerful rebel group formed in 1961, has gained significant control since the 2021 Myanmar military coup, particularly over the Chipwe-Pangwa mining belt, which is a key global supplier of heavy rare earth elements.
Significance
- Strategic Resource: Rare earths are critical for defence, electronics, renewable energy, and EV batteries.
- China Factor: India currently depends heavily on China for rare earth refining and supply; this step diversifies supply chains.
- Regional Leverage: Engagement signals India’s intent to secure critical minerals despite geopolitical complexities.
Unusual Diplomacy
- India’s outreach to a non-state armed group (KIA) is a rare diplomatic move.
- Reflects a pragmatic approach driven by strategic resource security.
Key Challenges
- Transport & Terrain: Rugged mountainous areas hinder smooth logistics.
- Security Risks: Operations in rebel-held regions pose instability and safety concerns.
- Refining Constraints: India’s limited domestic refining capacity reduces self-reliance.
- Diplomatic Sensitivities:
- With Myanmar’s junta, as the KIA is an armed rebel group.
- With China, which sees Kachin and its mineral belt as part of its resource sphere.