Quantum Computing Using Satellites by 2030

GS III – Science & Technology

What is Quantum Computing?

Quantum computing is a new computing paradigm based on the principles of quantum mechanics, such as:

• Superposition: A quantum bit (qubit) can exist in multiple states simultaneously.

• Entanglement: Two qubits can be connected in such a way that the state of one instantly affects the state of the other.

• Quantum Interference: Used to manipulate qubit states toward desired outcomes.

Result: Quantum computers can solve problems in seconds that would take classical computers thousands of years.

 Role of Satellites in Quantum Communication

Satellites can serve as a platform for quantum key distribution (QKD) over long distances.

• QKD is a method of secure communication that uses quantum mechanics to exchange encryption keys.

• Problem: Quantum signals degrade in optical fibers beyond 100–200 km.

• Solution: Quantum communication via satellites enables secure data exchange globally, bypassing ground limitations.

Why Target 2030?

Global and Indian research institutions have set 2030 as a milestone to:

• Operationalize quantum satellite networks

• Achieve secure global communications

• Build scalable quantum computing infrastructure

This aligns with:

• India’s National Quantum Mission (2023)

• International efforts like China’s Micius satellite, and NASA-European quantum communication roadmaps

India’s Progress Toward Quantum Satellite Technology

National Quantum Mission (NQM) – Launched in 2023

• Budget: ₹6003 crore

• Timeline: 2023–2031

• Goal: Develop scalable quantum technologies including:

  • Quantum computing

  • Quantum communication

  • Quantum metrology

  • Quantum sensing

ISRO’s Quantum Leap

• 2024: ISRO successfully tested quantum entanglement transmission between terrestrial stations.

• 2025 Roadmap: ISRO aims to launch a dedicated quantum satellite by 2026–27.

• Goal: Establish satellite-based QKD for defense and strategic applications.

Global Developments

• Defense and Cybersecurity: Unbreakable encryption through QKD.

• Banking & Finance: Ultra-secure transactions and data privacy.

• Scientific Research: Global collaboration on quantum simulations.

• Space Communications: Long-distance secure satellite links.

 Challenges

• Technological Complexity: Qubit stability and error correction.

• Cost & Infrastructure: Quantum satellites require high investment and advanced R&D.

• Geopolitical Concerns: Quantum supremacy may tilt strategic power.

• Regulatory Gaps: Lack of global norms for quantum satellite use.