Context:
The World Bank has elevated Russia from an ‘upper-middle income’ to a ‘high-income’ country, a classification it last held in 2014.
Russia’s Economic Resilience
- Global Rankings: Russia is 72nd in per-capita GNI and 53rd in purchasing power parity worldwide.
- GDP Growth: In 2023, Russia saw a 3.6% increase in real GDP and a 10.9% increase in nominal GDP, driven by trade (+6.8%), the financial sector (+8.7%), and construction (+6.6%).
- Economic Activity: The World Bank noted a significant rise in military-related activities in Russia.
Why Sanctions Were Ineffective
- Oil and Gas Exports: Sanctions on Russia were not as severe as those on Iran or Venezuela. While fossil fuel exports to Western Europe decreased, overall export volumes remained stable.
- Investment Recovery: Investment bounced back in 2023, contributing 4.5 percentage points to GDP growth, thanks to:
- Increased funding for defense and manufacturing.
- Domestic production replacing some imports, leading to new production facilities.
- Some multinational companies remained, anticipating the end of the war and lifting of sanctions.
- Consumption: Private consumption rebounded, adding 2.9 percentage points to GDP growth, fueled by strong credit availability and a robust labor market (unemployment at 3%).
- Monetary incentives for military recruitment helped sustain consumer spending.
- Government Spending: Fiscal policies contributed 1.2 percentage points to GDP growth, with defense spending estimated at 7% of GDP.
- Sanction Maneuvering: Russian policymakers have developed strategies to mitigate the impact of sanctions.
- Central Bank Policies: The Russian central bank’s hawkish monetary policies also supported economic growth.
World Bank’s Income Rankings
- Classification: The World Bank categorizes economies into four groups based on per-capita gross national income (GNI) in US dollars: low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high.
- High-Income Criteria: $14,005 or more per person.
- Recent Upgrades: Russia, Bulgaria, and Palau have been upgraded to high-income status.
Ukraine’s Improved Ranking
- Economic Status: Ukraine moved from a lower-middle-income to an upper-middle-income country.
- Reason for Improvement: This change was primarily due to the base effect and a resurgence of economic activity in the western and northern regions, partly influenced by the war.