Alawite Community

GS II-International Relations

Context:

The recent killing of ~300 Alawite civilians in Syria has raised concerns over sectarian violence against this minority group.

Who are the Alawites?

• Religious Origins:
  • A Shia Islam offshoot, emerging in the 9th-10th centuries through the teachings of Mohammad ibn Nusayr in Iraq.
• Beliefs & Practices:
  • Incorporates elements of Christianity and ancient Iranian traditions.
  • Rituals include wine consumption and belief in reincarnation.
  • Alawite women traditionally do not wear headscarves.
• Historical Persecution:
  • Repressed by Christian Crusaders, the Ottoman Empire, and other religious groups due to their unique beliefs.

Alawites in Syria

• Demographics:
  • ~12% of Syria’s population, mainly residing in Latakia and Tartus provinces.
• Colonial Impact:
  • Under French rule (20th century), Alawites gained prominence as France divided Syria into sect-based administrative units.
• Rise to Power:
  • Hafez al-Assad (1970s): The Alawite Ba’athist leader took control, consolidating the sect’s influence.
  • Bashar al-Assad (2000–present): Maintained Alawite dominance over the state and military, suppressing both external opposition and internal dissidents.

Significance & Challenges:

Political & Military Influence: Alawites control Syria’s government and armed forces.
Sectarian Targeting: Frequent hostility from Sunni-majority groups.
Internal Dissent: Some Alawites oppose Assad’s rule, but fear Sunni retaliation.

The Alawite identity remains deeply intertwined with Syria’s power structure, making the sect a key player in the country’s ongoing conflict.