Poompuhar and the Cholas

GS I-History

Historical Significance

Poompuhar, historically recognized as Kaveripattinam, functioned as a crucial maritime center during the Chola period. Situated in present-day Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, at the confluence of the Kaveri River, it played a vital role in trade and commerce.

Cultural and Commercial Hub

Sangam-era Tamil literature and the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea reference Poompuhar as an essential port city of the Chola dynasty. The port facilitated extensive trade, particularly in spices, connecting the Cholas with other parts of Asia and Arab merchants.

Due to changes in sea levels, Poompuhar underwent multiple relocations before being re-established approximately 3,000 years ago. Archaeological excavations have uncovered remnants of harbor structures, protective sea walls, and indications of a possible ancient bridge.

Strategic Importance

As a thriving trade center, Poompuhar contributed significantly to Chola naval expansion. It served as a base for maritime dominance, helping the Cholas extend their influence across Southeast Asia.

The Chola Dynasty

Rise and Expansion

The Cholas ruled between the 9th and 12th centuries AD, following their victory over the Pallavas. Vijayalaya Chola, the founder, seized Tanjore in the 8th century, establishing control over central and northern Tamil Nadu, with Uraiyur as the capital.

Two of the most distinguished rulers were Rajaraja I and Rajendra I. However, the dynasty declined in the early 13th century, culminating in the defeat of Rajendra III by Jatavarman Sundarapandyan II of the Pandya dynasty.

Karikala Chola’s Achievements

Karikala Chola, a prominent ruler from the Sangam era, is renowned for his victory at the Battle of Venni, where he triumphed over a coalition of Cheras, Pandyas, and minor chieftains.

He played a key role in developing Puhar into a significant port and undertook major infrastructure projects, including constructing a 160 km embankment along the Kaveri River. His initiatives fostered trade and economic growth, laying the groundwork for Chola prosperity.