GS3

GS III- Industry & Economy Acquisitions Google’s $32 billion acquisition of cybersecurity firm Wiz includes a $3 billion+ breakup fee—one of the highest ever—raising concerns about its impact on M&A (Mergers and Acquisitions) deals. What is a Breakup Fee? A breakup fee is a penalty paid when an M&A deal …

GS III-Economy Currency depreciation refers to a decline in the worth of a currency within a floating exchange rate system. When the rupee depreciates, it signifies that its value has dropped relative to the US dollar, making it weaker than before. Factors Influencing Depreciation High Inflation Rate A country with …

GS III-Science and Technology A web browser is an application software designed to explore the World Wide Web (WWW). It acts as an interface between the client and the server, requesting web documents and services from the server. The browser functions as a compiler, rendering HTML, the language used to …

GS3 – Environment Context: Supreme Court (SC) Order: Directed the removal of ‘Seven Wonders’ replicas from Ana Sagar Lake to balance tourism with environmental conservation. Why? Part of Ana Sagar Lake is a designated wetland, requiring protection under environmental laws. About Ana Sagar Lake Type: Artificial Lake Location: Ajmer, Rajasthan …

GS III-Security Context: National Security Advisor (NSA) Ajit Doval recently hosted a high-level intelligence meeting with representatives from the Five Eyes alliance. Origins & Formation World War II Beginnings: Originated with the BRUSA Agreement (1943), a secret pact between the U.S. War Department and the UK Government Code & Cypher …

GS3 – Internal Security A ceremonial land transfer between Assam Rifles and the Mizoram government marked the relocation of the paramilitary force from central Aizawl to Zokhawsang. Background: Demand for Relocation Historical Presence: Assam Rifles has been stationed in Mizoram since the 1890s. Call for Relocation: The demand to shift …

GS3 – Internal Security The Pratibimb module, launched by the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), is enhancing cybercrime investigations through advanced tracking and monitoring mechanisms. Key Features of Pratibimb Module GIS-Based Tracking System: Utilizes Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to monitor cybercriminals in real time. Crime Infrastructure Mapping: Offers …

GS3 – Indian Economy   Despite having the world’s largest youth population, India struggles with inadequate policies that limit their potential, impacting economic growth and global competitiveness. Youth Demographic Advantage India’s vast young population presents a unique opportunity to strengthen its workforce and drive economic progress—if effectively utilized. Challenges Faced …

GS III-Defence Context: India has recently participated in multiple bilateral military exercises, aimed at enhancing defense cooperation, operational readiness, and regional security. Key Military Exercises: Exercise Bongosagar 2025 Participating Nations: India and Bangladesh Location: Bay of Bengal Objective: Strengthening maritime security, improving tactical coordination, and enhancing joint operational planning between …

GS Paper 3-Agriculture   Context: The term ‘Green Revolution’, introduced 57 years ago, marked a transformative phase in global agriculture, leading to India’s self-sufficiency in food production. Understanding the Green Revolution: The Green Revolution refers to a scientific and policy-driven initiative launched in the 1960s to enhance agricultural productivity using …

GS 3 – ECONOMY Context The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is exploring amendments to short-selling regulations to broaden market access, ease disclosure requirements, and refine penalty structures. Historical Background 2001: SEBI imposed a ban on short selling. 2007: Institutional investors were granted permission to engage in short …

GS 3 – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Background The recent shift in the United States’ approach to cryptocurrency has prompted India to reconsider its own regulatory framework. US Policy Shift on Crypto 2019: Former President Donald Trump expressed doubts about cryptocurrencies, arguing that Bitcoin and similar digital assets were highly volatile …

GS 3 – ECONOMY Background The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Financial Stability Report 2024 highlights a surge in household debt, with a shift toward more creditworthy borrowers. However, the growing trend of consumer loans raises concerns about broader macroeconomic stability. Household Debt Trends Debt-to-GDP Ratio: Increased from 36.6% in …

GS 3 – ENVIRONMENT Background India experienced its hottest February in 124 years in 2025, with severe heatwaves in March posing a significant threat to wheat production, crop quality, and food security. Wheat in India: Key Insights Significance: Wheat is the second most essential staple food in India, widely consumed …

GS III-Infrastructure Overview The Indian Railways has been incorporated into the Mission Amrit Sarovar initiative to support water conservation efforts by developing and restoring ponds and water bodies nationwide. Railways’ Contribution to Water Conservation Activities Undertaken: Desilting, excavating, and constructing water bodies near railway tracks. Coordination with district authorities and …

GS III- Infrastructure Overview As the construction industry seeks low-carbon building materials to combat climate change, mycelium bricks have emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional bricks. What are Mycelium Bricks? Composition: These bricks are made from a combination of fungal spores, husk, and sawdust, resulting in a …

GS III-Environment Why in the News? The World Air Quality Report 2024, published by the Swiss organization IQAir, ranked India as the 5th most polluted country globally. This marks an improvement from its 3rd place ranking in 2023. Key Findings of the Report India’s Air Pollution Status Country Ranking: India …

GS III-Energy Context: Scientists in northeastern France have discovered a large natural hydrogen deposit, marking one of the most significant reserves of white hydrogen ever found. (Source: TNN) What is White Hydrogen? Also known as natural hydrogen, gold hydrogen, or geologic hydrogen, it is naturally occurring molecular hydrogen found within …

GS III-Conservation Context: The discovery of Plastic Ice VII provides valuable insights into extreme planetary environments, as reported by The Times of India (ToI). What is Plastic Ice VII? A newly confirmed fourth phase of water, distinct from its conventional solid, liquid, and gaseous states. Forms under extreme conditions—requiring pressures …

GS III-Agriculture Context: A novel electrochemical method has been developed to extract urea from urine, facilitating wastewater treatment while converting it into a sustainable resource, as reported by The Hindu (TH). Urine as a Valuable Resource “Liquid Gold” Concept: Urine is rich in essential nutrients like phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen, …