GS

GS 1 – HISTORY Background: Date: 12 March – 6 April 1930 Leader: Mahatma Gandhi Part of: Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) Reason: Protest against the British monopoly over salt production and sale, and the Salt Tax, which affected every Indian, especially the poor. Causes: Unjust Salt Law: British prohibited Indians …

GS 2 – IR India and the Maldives are actively reviewing their Comprehensive Economic and Maritime Security Partnership, a strategic initiative aimed at enhancing bilateral cooperation across various sectors. This partnership, formalized in October 2024 by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Maldivian President Mohamed Muizzu, underscores the commitment of …

GS-3: Environment and Biodiversity Key Highlights A 4.2-metre-long inflorescence (cluster of flowers) was discovered in a wild banana species (Musa indandamanensis) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This is the longest banana inflorescence ever recorded worldwide. The species is endemic to the Andaman region and was first recorded in 2012 …

GS-2: Indian Constitution Key Highlights The STREET Court struck down a Delhi High Court order that had directed Wikimedia to remove a Wikipedia page citing defamation. The case involved a single judge’s ruling in October 2024 over adverse comments on Wikipedia about a defamation case involving the judiciary. SC Justices …

GS-3: Environment and Biodiversity Conservation Key Highlights The Kadbanwadi grassland in Maharashtra’s Pune district, home to the Indian grey wolf, is witnessing an alarming decline in the wolf population. From 70 wolves (2016) to just 6 (2024), the fall is attributed largely to threats from feral dogs, which hunt in …

GS II – International Relations Key Highlights U.S. President Donald Trump reiterated his offer to mediate on Kashmir, claiming the U.S. had helped India and Pakistan arrive at a ceasefire. Trump posted on social media that he would work with both nations “even if after a thousand years” to resolve …

GS3 – Science & Technology Context: The Indian Naval Ship (INS) Kiltan is set to participate in the upcoming IMDEX Asia 2025. About IMDEX Asia: First held in 1997, IMDEX Asia (International Maritime Defence Exhibition) is one of the leading maritime defence events in the Asia-Pacific region. It is held …

GS1 – Geography Context: The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has given its approval to the updated SHAKTI Policy. About SHAKTI Scheme: Introduced by the Ministry of Coal in 2017, the SHAKTI (Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating Koyala Transparently in India) framework aims to allocate coal linkages in a transparent …

Context: India recently activated its integrated air defence systems in response to aerial threats from Pakistan, showcasing its multi-layered capability to neutralize diverse aerial attacks. Raksha Kavach Developer: DRDO Type: Indigenous multi-layered air defence platform Features: Combines ballistic, electronic, and blast protection Integrated with satellite surveillance, drones, laser weapons Uses …

GS-3: Environment and Climate Change Key Highlights Climate-driven food shortages and nutrient losses impact gut microbiota, increasing disease risks. Elevated CO₂ levels reduce micronutrients (e.g., phosphorus, zinc, iron) in crops like wheat and maize. Malnutrition and reduced microbial diversity are linked to diseases like eczema, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. …

GS-3: Indian Economy Key Highlights India-U.K. total trade reached $19.3 billion in 2024-25, a 60% increase from $12.2 billion in 2016-17. Exports grew 41% to $12 billion, while imports nearly doubled to $7.3 billion. Top export categories: Electrical machinery (15.3%), Nuclear reactors/boilers (11.6%), Mineral fuels (9.1%), Pearls/stones (7%), Pharma (5.4%). …

GS-2: International Relations Key Highlights Indian armed forces executed 24 precision strikes on terrorist training camps in Pakistan and PoK under Operation Sindoor. The operation targeted 9 sites and was completed in 25 minutes, ensuring no civilian casualties. The Defence Minister described the strikes as India’s rightful response to the …

GS 3 – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: The DRDO successfully conducted the maiden flight trials of the Stratospheric Airship Platform from the Sheopur Trial site in Madhya Pradesh. Developed by the Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment in Agra, the airship carried an instrumental payload to an altitude of approximately …

GS 3 – ECONOMY Context: The PM recently inaugurated WAVES 2025 (World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit), highlighting the importance of the creative economy. About the Creative Economy: The “orange economy” refers to industries that leverage creativity, knowledge, and intellectual property (IP) to generate value. This includes sectors such as …

GS2 – INTERNATIONAL RELATION Context: India has increased its efforts to have Pakistan re-listed on the FATF grey list following the Pahalgam terror attack in April 2025, aiming to combat cross-border terrorism financing. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Formation: Established in 1989 by the G7 to address anti-money laundering (AML), …

GS 3 – AGRICULTURE Context: World Solar Day on 3rd May highlighted India’s efforts to promote agrivoltaics, aiming to harness solar energy while boosting agricultural productivity. Agrivoltaics (APV) Agrivoltaics refers to the co-location of solar photovoltaic panels and crops on the same land, enabling dual land use for both clean …

GS-3: Infrastructure Key Points: A blackout in Spain and Portugal highlights grid stability issues with solar and wind energy. Grid frequency (50 Hz in Europe) must be balanced to avoid disruptions. Renewables lack the inertia of traditional power plants, increasing grid vulnerability. Energy storage and backup systems are critical for …

GS-2: International Institutions Key Points: The U.S. questioned India’s Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for speciality steel at the WTO, citing trade rule concerns. India defends the scheme as essential for reducing imports and boosting self-reliance. India remained a net steel importer in FY25. The ₹6,322 crore scheme is modest …

GS-1: Post-independence reorganization Key Points: The Samyukta Maharashtra Movement (SMM) created Maharashtra in 1960, driven by Marathi linguistic identity. Cultural figures, workers, and socialist ideals fueled the movement. Leaders like Annabhau Sathe, Prabodhankar Thackeray, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar shaped its ideology. Mumbai was a contentious focal point despite elite opposition. …

GS-3: Environment, Energy, Infrastructure Key Points: PM2.5 pollution caused ~30,000 annual deaths in Indian cities (2008-2019). Global EV adoption is rising, led by Europe and China. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) are 20-30% costlier than battery EVs, but costs may align by 2030. Per km costs: HFC buses ($0.84/km) vs. …