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GS2 – Governance Content Although the Women’s Reservation Bill has been passed, women continue to face limited representation in political leadership positions. Status of Women’s Political Representation in India Global Presence: As of 2023, women accounted for 26.9% of parliamentary seats worldwide. Parliamentary Representation: In India, the representation of women …

GS3 – Environment Context Recent studies (IE | TH) have found microplastics in critical regions of the human cardiovascular system—such as the pericardium, myocardium, and major arteries—suggesting their infiltration into deep tissues. These particles contribute to oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis, potentially causing heart attacks and strokes. What Are Microplastics? …

GS3 – Indian Economy Context Findings from CAMS 2022–23 (NSSO) reveal that although India leads in real-time digital transactions, a vast section of users lack the skills to perform basic digital financial operations, exposing a significant gap in digital financial literacy. Digital Divide: Key Gaps Access vs. Ability India processes …

GS2 – Vulnerable Sections Current Budgetary Milestone The Union Budget 2025–26 allocated a record ₹4.49 lakh crore towards gender-related initiatives—quadruple the allocation in 2014–15, reflecting a robust commitment to gender-inclusive development. Understanding Gender Budgeting A fiscal policy approach that evaluates how public expenditure affects women and aims to bridge gender …

GS2 – International Relations Context In the aftermath of the 2024 Pahalgam terror attack, India intensified actions against undocumented migrants. This included both legal deportations and extra-legal pushbacks, raising legal and ethical concerns. Deportation vs. Pushback Deportation: A formal process involving judicial oversight, identity verification, and legal trials. Pushback: Extra-legal, …

GS1 – Society Context The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2023–24 by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) reveals a notable decline in the disparity of calorie intake between India’s wealthiest and poorest households. This shift is attributed to reduced consumption among affluent groups and improved intake among …

GS2 – International Relations Context The recent 12-day war between Israel and Iran and the U.S. airstrikes on Iranian nuclear facilities, criticized as unilateral and illegal, have reignited debates about the imperialist nature of U.S. foreign policy. Contemporary U.S. Imperialism Decline of Hegemony: The “America First” policy under Trump symbolized …

GS1 – World History Context The United States of America marks its 249th Independence Day on July 4, 2025. Historical Background and Events Leading to Independence During the 1760s and 1770s, the thirteen American colonies increasingly opposed British control due to their lack of representation in the British Parliament and …

GS3 – Environment   Context The year 2025 marks the 50th anniversary of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which came into force in 1975 as the world’s first legally binding agreement aimed at regulating international wildlife trade. What is CITES? CITES …

GS3 – Science & Technology Context: With the intensifying global tech race, quantum technology is becoming central to digital, economic, and national security. India must go beyond investments to build strategic global partnerships and remain competitive. Importance of Quantum Technology Massive Market Potential: The global quantum tech market is expected …

GS2 – International Relations Context: In light of a global aid crunch and rising geopolitical challenges, India is turning to Global South partnerships and Triangular Cooperation (TrC) to reshape international development finance. Challenges in Development Financing Declining Official Aid: Global ODA is projected to fall sharply from $214 billion (2023) …

GS2 – International Relations Context: The Quad (India, Australia, Japan, US) has launched the Critical Minerals Initiative to enhance supply chain security and counter China’s influence. Objective To build economic security and resilience by securing access to critical minerals essential for: Renewable energy Electric vehicles (EVs) Advanced technologies Significance Counters …

GS2 – International Relations Context: Amid growing geopolitical flux and waning U.S. global leadership, India is reinforcing its multilateral engagement, especially through BRICS. Strategic Importance of BRICS Global Influence: Now a bloc of 11 nations, BRICS represents nearly half of the global population and 40% of the world’s GDP. Diversity …

GS1 – Geography Context: Recently, Taiwan’s Wandan mud volcano erupted. What are Mud Volcanoes? Mud volcanoes are geological formations caused by the eruption of mud, water, and gases—not lava or molten rock. Their eruptions are usually cool, in contrast to the high-temperature eruptions of magmatic volcanoes. They do not involve …

GS3 – Environment Context Sudden jellyfish blooms have been observed in Kerala’s Cochin backwaters, raising ecological and economic concerns. What is a Jellyfish Bloom? A dense aggregation of jellyfish triggered by environmental changes, typically during April–May and October–December across Indian coasts. Species Reported: Acromitus flagellatus, Blackfordia virginica, Pleurobrachia sp., Pelagia …

GS2 – Social Sector Context: India has 1.44 million zero-dose children, the second highest globally after Nigeria, as per The Lancet (2023), highlighting serious immunisation coverage gaps. As per WHO, zero-dose children are under one year of age who have received no routine vaccines. These children are vulnerable to diseases …

  GS2 – Governance Context The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) has released details of the 2025 awards scheme. Background: Introduced in 2006, with restructuring in 2014 and 2020. The scheme was further revamped in 2021 to promote innovation, best practice replication, and institutionalization. Aim & Objective: …

GS2 – International Relations Context India, along with the United States, Japan, and Australia, launched the first-ever ‘QUAD at Sea Ship Observer Mission’ to enhance coast guard coordination across the Indo-Pacific region. Background & Objectives Wilmington Declaration: This initiative was introduced as part of the Wilmington Declaration adopted during the …

GS2 – Polity Context The Union Cabinet has approved the National Sports Policy 2025, officially named Khelo Bharat Niti 2025, which revamps India’s sports governance and development framework. Highlights of NSP 2025 Global Sporting Excellence: Structured talent pathways Enhanced sports infrastructure Training driven by sports science Strengthening of National Sports …

GS2 – Initiatives Context The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports has signed an MoU with the Digital India Corporation for the development of MY Bharat 2.0, a platform for youth engagement and empowerment. About the MY Bharat 2.0 Platform A single-window digital ecosystem to align youth with opportunities in …