Melioidosis

GS2 – Social Sector – Health

Recent environmental mapping in Odisha has detected a significant presence of melioidosis, particularly during the monsoon season.

About Melioidosis

• Also Known As: Whitmore’s disease
• Endemic Regions: Southeast Asia and Northern Australia
• India’s Burden: Accounts for 44% of global melioidosis cases

Causative Agent & Transmission

• Pathogen: Burkholderia pseudomallei, commonly found in soil and water
• Mode of Spread:
  • Direct contact with contaminated soil or water
  • Entry through skin abrasions, inhalation, or ingestion
• Severity: Fatality rate can reach 50% in septicemic cases

Treatment

• Initial Phase: Intravenous antibiotics
• Eradication Phase: Prolonged oral therapy for 12-20 weeks

Key Findings from Environmental Mapping

• Seasonality: Cases peak during and after the monsoon season
• Environmental Influences: Temperature, rainfall, cloud cover, and solar radiation impact disease occurrence
• Climate Change Impact: Changes in rainfall patterns and extreme weather events may expand the disease’s geographical spread
• Urbanization & Sanitation: Rapid urban growth and inadequate sanitation may elevate exposure risks

Way Forward

• Preventive Strategies:
  • Protective gear (footwear, gloves) for individuals exposed to soil and water, especially in agriculture
• Early Diagnosis & Treatment:
  • Melioidosis symptoms are often non-specific, requiring prompt detection to prevent severe complications
• Awareness & Training:
  • Public health initiatives and medical training programs to improve disease recognition and management