National Quantum Mission (NQM)

GS 3 – Science and Technology  

The National Quantum Mission (NQM) is a significant initiative by the Government of India aimed at advancing quantum technologies and applications in the country. Approved in April 2023, the mission aims to position India as a global leader in quantum technology research and development by the year 2031.

Key Features of the National Quantum Mission

Objective:

• To develop quantum technologies in the fields of communication, computing, materials, and sensing/metrology.
• To achieve self-reliance in critical quantum technologies and applications.

Duration and Budget:

• Timeframe: 2023 to 2031 (8 years).
• Budget: INR 6,003.65 crore.

Focus Areas:

• Quantum Computing: Development of quantum computers with 50–1000 qubits.
• Quantum Communication: Creation of satellite-based secure quantum communication between ground stations.
• Quantum Sensing: High-precision measurements for applications in sectors like defense, agriculture, and healthcare.
• Quantum Materials and Devices: Development of quantum-based materials for advanced applications.

Infrastructure:

Establishment of four thematic hubs for research and development in quantum technology:

• Quantum Computing: Development of high-performance quantum computers.
• Quantum Communication: Secure data transmission mechanisms.
• Quantum Sensing & Metrology: Development of cutting-edge sensors for various sectors.
• Quantum Materials & Devices: Fabrication of advanced quantum materials.

Collaboration:

• Partnerships with academic institutions, industry leaders, and startups to foster innovation.
• Focus on skill development to build a quantum technology workforce.

Global Context:

Aligns with global efforts in quantum research, similar to the initiatives in USA (National Quantum Initiative), China, and EU’s Quantum Flagship Programme.

Quantum cryptography

Quantum cryptography is a cybersecurity method that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to secure data. It takes advantage of features like particles being in multiple states at once and changes to their state when measured. Unlike traditional methods based on math, it is designed to be nearly impossible to hack. It uses Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) to create and share encryption keys for secure communication.

Post-quantum cryptography (PQC)

Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) refers to cryptographic algorithms designed to secure data against the potential threats posed by quantum computers. Unlike classical encryption methods, which could be broken by quantum algorithms like Shor’s algorithm, PQC algorithms rely on mathematical problems believed to be hard for quantum computers to solve. These include lattice-based, hash-based, and code-based cryptography. The goal of PQC is to develop encryption methods that remain secure even in the era of quantum computing.

Quantum satellite

A quantum satellite uses the principles of quantum mechanics to send secure information. It mainly works through Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which allows two places to share encryption keys that are impossible to intercept without being noticed. The satellite uses special properties of quantum physics, like quantum entanglement, to make sure the information stays safe. If someone tries to hack the communication, it can be detected. Quantum satellites are part of building a global network for unbreakable encryption.