Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)

G3 3 – ENVIRONMENT

Context:
The Munda tribals of Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR), Odisha, have protested against restrictions on accessing their sacred groves, which have been converted into a tiger enclosure for the translocated tigress Zeenat.

About Similipal Tiger Reserve

• Location: Mayurbhanj district, Odisha
• Declared a Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger in 1973 and a wildlife sanctuary in 1979.
• Recognized as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (2009) under the Global Network of Biosphere Reserves.

Flora & Fauna

• Predominantly tropical moist deciduous forests with patches of semi-evergreen vegetation.
• Rich biodiversity: Highest tiger population in Odisha, along with elephants and the hill mynah.

Unique Features

• Scenic Waterfalls: Joranda & Barehipani add to its natural beauty.
• High Peaks: Khairiburu & Meghashini (1515m) are the highest peaks in STR.
• Part of Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve: Connected with Hadgarh & Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuaries.
• Conservation Legacy: Known for Padma Shri Saroj Raj Chowdhury, the founder of STR, and his fostered tigress Khairi.

About the Munda Tribe

• Habitat:
  • Primarily found in the Chhotanagpur Plateau, spanning Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Tripura, and Bangladesh.
  • STR is also home to the Erenga Kharias & Mankirdias, who engage in traditional agriculture.
  • One of the largest Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India, with a significant presence in STR.
• Historical Significance:
  • Ancient Roots: Munda languages arrived in India 4,000 years ago from Southeast Asia.
  • Anti-British Resistance: Birsa Munda, a freedom fighter, led revolts against the British, advocating for Munda Raj.
• Culture & Traditions:
  • Clan System: Organized into patrilineal clans (Killi), each tracing descent from a common ancestor.
  • Traditional Occupation: Transitioned from hunter-gatherers to farmers, also known for weaving & basket-making.
  • Sacred Groves & Rituals:
    • Nature Worship & Animism
    • Conduct sacred rites at burial sites.
  • Folk Music & Dance: Celebrated during the Sarhul & Karam festivals, featuring indigenous songs and dances.
  • Totemic Beliefs: Each clan has a totemic animal or plant, symbolizing its identity.