- Recently, the death of Father Stan Swamy, a Jesuit priest and tribal rights activist, while in judicial custody, has brought the stringent provisions of Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) into the focus.
- UAPA is the India’s main anti-terrorism legislation, but the law makes it more difficult to obtain bail.
- This difficulty in obtaining bail is being seen as one of the principal reasons for Fr. Swamy’s death as a prisoner in a hospital and compromises constitutional liberties.
Important points:
- In the mid-1960s, in order to curb the various secession movements, the Government of India considered enacting a stringent law.
- In March 1967, a peasant uprising in Naxalbari imparted a sense of urgency.
- On 17th June, 1966, the President had promulgated the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Ordinance.
- The ordinance intended to “provide for the more effective prevention of unlawful activities of individuals and associations”.
- After initial resistance from the Parliament (owing to its stringent nature), the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act was passed in 1967.
- The Act provided for declaring an association or a body of individuals “unlawful” if they indulged in any activity that envisages secession or questions or disclaims the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
- Prior to the UAPA’s enactment, associations were being declared unlawful under the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1952.
- However, the Supreme Court held that the provision on bans was unlawful because there was no judicial mechanism to scrutinise the validity of any ban.
- Therefore, the UAPA included provisions for a Tribunal which has to confirm within six months the notification declaring an outfit unlawful.
- After the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), 2002, was repealed, the UAPA was expanded to include what would have been terrorist acts in earlier laws.
Controversy Regarding UAPA:
- Vague Definition of Terrorist Act: The definition of a “terrorist act” under the UAPA substantially differs from the definition promoted by the United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms while Countering Terrorism.
- UAPA, on the other hand, offers an overbroad and ambiguous definition of a “terrorist act” which includes the death of, or injuries to, any person, damage to any property, etc.
- Denial of Bail: The major problem with the UAPA lies in its Section 43(D)(5), which makes it difficult for any accused person to obtain bail.
- In case, if police have filed the chargesheet that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation against such person is prima facie true, bail cannot be granted.
- Further, a Supreme Court judgment on this has clarified that the court considering bail should not examine the evidence too deeply, but must go by the prosecution version based on broad probabilities.
- Thus, UAPA virtually denies bail, which is a safeguard and guarantee of the constitutional right to liberty.
- Pendency of Trails: Given the state of justice delivery system in India, the rate of pendency at the level of trial is at an average of 95.5%.
- State Overreach: It also includes any act that is “likely to threaten” or “likely to strike terror in people”, giving unbridled power to the government to brand any ordinary citizen or activist a terrorist without the actual commission of these acts.
- It gives the state authority vague powers to detain and arrest individuals who it believes to be indulged in terrorist activities.
- Undermining Federalism: Some experts feel that it is against the federal structure since it neglects the authority of state police in terrorism cases, given that ‘Police’ is a state subject under 7th schedule of Indian Constitution.
Way Forward
- Drawing the line between individual freedom and state obligation to provide security is a case of classical dilemma.
- It is up to the state, judiciary, civil society, to strike a balance between constitutional freedom and the imperative of anti-terror activities.
SOURCE: THE HINDU,THE ECONOMIC TMES, MINT