Nobel Prize in Physics 2024

Context (TH|IE): The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton for their pioneering contributions and inventions that have laid the foundation for machine learning through artificial neural networks.

Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

• An ANN is a computational framework that emulates the workings of the human brain’s neurons, modeling the way the brain interprets and processes data.
• Source: TechVidhan
• It plays a crucial role in handling complex operations like strategy development, forecasting, and identifying patterns.
• Incident Learning: Unlike traditional machine learning models that primarily focus on data sorting or number processing, ANNs adapt and improve through repeated exposure to user tasks and experiences.
• Biological Basis: Modeled after the biological neural networks in the human brain, ANNs adjust their structure dynamically based on the information processed, learning from the correlation between inputs and outputs over time.
• Training with Large Datasets: Neural networks are generally trained using extensive datasets, where they learn by comparing inputs with corresponding outputs, refining their predictions or decisions.

Machine Learning (ML)

• Machine Learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science that employs data and algorithms, enabling systems to learn and improve from experience, similar to human learning.
• It finds applications across a variety of fields including image and speech recognition, medical diagnostics, stock market forecasting, and recommendation engines.
• Source: DataFlair

How It Operates

• Decision-Making Process: The algorithm processes input data to make predictions or classifications.
• Error Function: Measures how accurate the model’s predictions are.
• Model Optimization: The system iterates and fine-tunes its model to enhance accuracy over time.