SUBJECT:

• GS-3: Security (Defence Modernisation, Indigenisation of Defence Production)
• GS-2: International Relations (India-Russia Defence Ties)

Key Highlights

Overview of the Deal

• India’s Ministry of Defence signed a $248 million contract with Russia’s Rosoboronexport for 1,000 HP engines for T-72 tanks.
• Includes transfer of technology (ToT) to Indian manufacturers.
• Aligned with “Make in India”, promoting domestic defence production.

T-72 Tank: Role in the Indian Army

• Soviet-designed main battle tank, introduced in 1971.
• Vital part of India’s armoured corps, currently fitted with 780 HP engines.
• Upgrading to 1,000 HP engines will enhance mobility and combat effectiveness.

Strategic Importance of the Upgrade

• Improves battlefield performance with better speed and agility.
• Enhances manoeuvrability in challenging terrains, making T-72 tanks more effective.
• Maintains combat readiness amid evolving military threats.

Technological Advancements in T-72 Tanks

• Modern variants like CI-Ajeya include:
  • GPS navigation.
  • Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA).
  • Integrated Fire Detection Systems.
• Ensures the T-72 remains competitive in modern warfare.

Unique River-Crossing Capability

• T-72 can cross rivers up to 16 feet deep using a snorkel.
• Enhances operational mobility but poses risks if engine failure occurs underwater.

Challenges in Modernisation

• Delays in Arjun tank production led to reliance on T-72 upgrades.
• Operation Rhino Plan: Modernisation of 1,500 T-72M1 tanks with:
  • Fire control systems.
  • Navigation upgrades.

Indigenisation & Self-Reliance Efforts

• India aims to reduce dependence on Russian components.
• Indian Army exploring domestic firms for T-72 overhauls & life extension.
• Geopolitical challenges have accelerated the push for domestic production.

Future Plans for Domestic Manufacturing

• Heavy Vehicles Factory, Avadi (Tamil Nadu) leads T-72 production.
• Ministry of Defence plans to procure 1,000 new engines under the “Buy & Make” category.
• Strengthens India’s self-reliant defence ecosystem.

Mains Mock Question

“Discuss the significance of the T-72 tank upgrade for India’s defence preparedness. How does the ‘Make in India’ initiative contribute to self-reliance in defence manufacturing?”