QUANTUM COMPUTING AND NATIONAL SECURITY

SUBJECT:

• GS-3: Science & Technology (Quantum Computing, Cybersecurity)
• GS-2: National Security (Defense Applications, Strategic Technology)

Key Highlights

NITI Aayog’s Quantum Push

• NITI Aayog launched the NITI Frontier Tech Hub to advance India’s capabilities in quantum computing.
• A strategic paper highlights how quantum technology will reshape national security and other sectors.

Understanding Quantum Computing

• Uses quantum mechanics principles to develop advanced computing hardware and software.
• Operates with quantum bits (qubits), which differ from classical bits by existing in multiple states simultaneously.

Core Concepts of Quantum Mechanics

• Entanglement: When two particles are linked, changes in one instantly affect the other, regardless of distance. This is crucial for secure communication.
• Superposition: Qubits can be both 0 and 1 simultaneously, enabling parallel data processing. However, measuring a qubit collapses it to a single state.
• Interference: Quantum states interact, enhancing the probability of correct results while reducing errors.

Quantum Computing’s National Security Implications

The NITI Frontier Tech Hub identifies several security challenges and opportunities:

1. Military Applications:
   • Quantum technology can optimize logistics and decision-making.
   • Quantum AI enhances autonomous defense systems.
2. Cryptography Risks:
   • Quantum computers can break classical encryption, making data vulnerable.
   • The shift to post-quantum cryptography is critical for cybersecurity.
3. Intelligence & Espionage:
   • Enhanced computational power allows for faster decryption of encrypted communications.
   • Nations could gain an intelligence advantage through quantum-powered surveillance.
4. Economic & Cyber Threats:
   • Quantum hacking could compromise financial systems, leading to economic espionage.
   • Corporate data security is at risk, impacting industries and trade.
5. Geopolitical Influence:
   • Countries leading in quantum technology will set global standards.
   • Strategic dominance in quantum research strengthens international leverage.

National Quantum Mission (NQM)

• Launched in 2023 to drive research in:
  • Quantum Computing
  • Quantum Communication
  • Quantum Sensing
  • Quantum Materials
• Budget: ₹6,003.65 crore over eight years.
• Focuses on scientific and industrial applications, reinforcing India’s technological leadership.

Mains Mock Question

“How does quantum computing impact national security and global geopolitics? Discuss India’s preparedness in developing quantum technologies.”